MSV-2035 Astronomy Document - Inside Design - FINAL - FINAL

Astronomy & Astrophysics 38 magnetic fields that determine the strength of future solar activity, constrain solar high latitude plasma flows and observe coronal mass ejections and dynamic activity from novel vantage points. The major goals of NASA's Parker Solar Probe (PSP) mission are to make in-situ observations in the extended solar outer atmosphere near where the solar wind originates and constrain the dynamics of solar magnetic transients in the innermost sanctum of the heliosphere. These satellites are generating unique new constraints on how solar activity is born, how they evolve through the Sun-Earth systemand impact our space environment. The recently launched India's first solar space mission, Aditya-L1 will observe solar atmospheric dynamics and constrain properties of the solar corona including coronal magnetic fieldmeasurements. The spacecraft will alsomake in-situ measurements of solar wind and interplanetary magnetic storm properties to understand their physical evolution and terrestrial impact. However, India does not yet have any large solar telescopes on ground that can complement the space facility. To translate solar observations and computational models to actionable space weather understanding and predictions to benefit their nations, many countries have dedicated further resources. The US National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA) has created the multi-agency Space Weather Prediction Center, the United Kingdom's Met Office has a SpaceWeather Unit, and the ESASpaceWeather Office provides space weather services and information for Europe. India does not yet have any dedicatedmulti-agency centre for space weather predictions. The United Nations Office for Outer SpaceAffairs (UNOOSA) formally recognizes the importance of space weather as a phenomenon that impacts all member states and encourages international initiatives targeting the understanding and assessment of space weather as a peaceful means of exploring space that benefits humanity. 3.8 ComputationalAstrophysics Computational astrophysics is now using the peta-scale facilities and gearing up to exploit the upcoming exa-scale facilities to improve theoretical modelling of many of the questions discussed above. Computational astrophysics involves development and implementation of efficient algorithms that scale well on supercomputing platforms. Considerable work has been done in developing computational models of the Sun and solar activity, N-Body simulations, relativistic simulations for dark energy, hydrodynamic simulations of formation and evolution of galaxies and intergalactic medium, magneto-hydrodynamic simulations of the evolution of magnetic field in the inter- stellar medium and stars, etc. Magnetohydrodynamic 3-D simulations of protoplanetary disc have been developed to study the complex physics of protoplanetary disc and planet formation. These simulations have uncovered various instabilities which might potentially help us explain the incredible fast rate of planet formation, as well as stellar mass growth via accretion disc. Numerical relativity simulations have been applied for study of gravity waves and other applications. 1-D and 3-D hydrodynamic models have been developed for simulation of supernova explosions and mergers of compact objects. All these works have resulted in some very significant findings. Considerable work has also been done on the development of specialized hardware for scientific calculations. This progress has enabled improvement in the modelling of a number of astrophysical problems, and also in the development of specialised hardware for telescopes and instruments. For example, in India, the developments in rapid data analysis enabled upgradation of the GMRT backend in 2010, and has also been a critical component of the development and implementation of the upgradedGMRT in 2020. MEGA SCIENCE VISION-2035